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Orvieto is a city in southwestern Umbria, Italy situated on the flat summit of a large butte of volcanic tuff. The site of the city is among the most dramatic in Europe, rising above the almost-vertical faces of tufa
cliffs that are completed by defensive walls built of the same stone. The EtruscansThe ancient city (urbs vetus in Latin, whence "Orvieto"), populated since Etruscan times, has usually been associated with Etruscan Velzna, but some modern scholars differ. Orvieto was certainly a major center of Etruscan civilization; the Archaeological Museum (Museo Claudio Faina e Museo Civico) houses some of the Etruscan artifacts that
have been recovered in the immediate neighborhood. An interesting survival that might show the complexity of ethnic relations
in ancient Italy and how such relations could be peaceful, is the inscription on a tomb in the Orvieto Cannicella necropolis: mi aviles katacinas, "I am of Avile Katacina", with an Etruscan-Latin first name (Aulus)
and a family name that is believed to be of Celtic ("Catacos") origin.ompleted by defensive walls built of the same
stone.
The Romans Orvieto was annexed by Rome in the third century BC. After the collapse of the Roman Empire its defensible site gained
new importance: the episcopal see was transferred from Bolsena, and the city was held by Goths and by Lombards before its self-governing commune was established in the tenth century, in which consuls governed under a feudal oath of fealty to the bishop. Orvieto's relationship to the papacy has been a close one; in the tenth century Pope Benedict VII visited the city of Orvieto with his nephew, Filippo Alberici, who later settled there and became Consul of
the city-state in 1016. Medieval Orvieto From 1201 Orvieto governed itself through a podestà— who was as often as not the bishop, however, acting in concert with a military governor, the "captain
of the people", but bitter feuds divided the thirteenth-century city.Three families are traditionally associated with
major roles in Orvieto’s history: Monaldeschi, Filippeschi, and Alberici, of whom only the Alberici have survived to the present day. The city became one of the major cultural attraction
of its time when Thomas Aquinas taught at the Studium. A small university (now part of the University of Perugia), had its origins in a studium generale that was granted to the city by Pope Gregory XI in 1337.
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